The 100 most important events in human history (2023)

For those who don't have time to go through everythingTimeline of human history, I have created a list of the 100 most important events in human history by collecting various lists of 10, 25, 50 or 100 "most important events" or "world changing events" from around the internet and merging them into a metal list. , which are presented below in chronological order. As with many of these lists, the results are unlikely to meet with general agreement. For example, I find that the list is skewed towards Western (especially American) civilization and focuses too much on war, religion, and dead white men. There's also an apples-and-oranges kind of comparison, because some of the most important events happened right away. and others occurred over many years or decades. Despite these caveats, it is safe to say that all of the events listed here are important to understanding human history.

1. The Agricultural Revolution: Humans Domesticated Plants and Animals:ca. 11.000-4.000 u. C.
- C. 20.000 a. C.:The oldest evidence that humans exercise some control over wild grains(Israel)
- C. 11.000 a. C.:Planned cultivation and selection of rye characteristics.(Syria);Evidence for the domestication of lentils, peas, pistachios and almonds(Greece)
- C. 9.500 n. Chr. C.:At this time, eight main crops (einkorn, barley, peas, lentils, bitter peas, chickpeas and flax) were domesticated in the Levant.(Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Jordan, Cyprus, Turkey)
- C. 9.100 a. C.:The oldest known agricultural settlement in Klimonas(Cyprus)
- C. 9.000 a. C.:Sheep domestication in various locations in Central and Southwest Asia
- C. 8,000 a. C:Agriculture is fully established along the Nile by this time.(Egypt);Rice and millet are domesticated in China; Goat domestication(Wille);domestication of pigs(Middle East; China; Germany);Domestication of corn and squash(Mexico)
- C. 7,000 a. C:Agriculture is well established in Mesopotamia(Irak);first indications of agriculture in the Indus Valley(Pakistan, India);Cattle domestication in North Africa, India and Mesopotamia
- C. 6,000 a. C:Early evidence of agriculture in the Iberian Peninsula(Spain, Portugal);domestication of chickens(India; Southeast Asia);tame the flames(Peru)
- Ca. 5.500 n. C.:The Sumerian peasants developed large-scale intensive farming, monoculture, organized irrigation, and a skilled agricultural workforce.(Irak)
- C. 5,000 a. C:Rice and sorghum domestication in the African Sahel(Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Algeria, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ethiopia)
- C. 4,000 a. C:horse taming(Ukraine; Kazakhstan)
- Ca. 3.700 n.Chr. C.:Oldest known field systems, including stone walls.(Ireland)
- C. 3,000 a. C:First known use of the ox plow(Egypt)

2. TThe first cities appear in Mesopotamia:C. 4000-3000 a. C. (Iraq)
- Around 5400 AD C.:According to legend, the Sumerians founded their first settlement in Mesopotamia in Eridu.
- Around 4500 AD C.:The Sumerian settlement of Uruk becomes the first city in Mesopotamia
- A 2900 n. W.:Uruk is the largest city in the world
- c. 2075 a. C:The Sumerian city of Lagash is the largest city in the world.
- A 2030u. W.:The Sumerian city of Ur is the largest city in the world.

3. The first wheeled vehicles appear in Mesopotamia, Eastern Europe and the Caucasus:w. 3500 BC C. (Iraq, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania)

4. The first writing systems appear in Mesopotamia (cuneiform), Egypt (hieroglyphs) and the Indus Valley (Indus script): C. 3200 n.

5. The ancient Egyptians build the Great Pyramid of Giza for Pharaoh Cheops:around 2560 AD (Egypt)

6. Origin and development of modern alphabets:ca. 1850-800 BC BC (Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Greece)
- Around 1850 BC (around 1550 AD):First evidence of Proto-Sinaite/Proto-Canaanite writing, from which the Phoenician alphabet emerged
- A 1050 n. W.:Development of the Phoenician alphabet of all consonants, giving rise to Semitic, Hebrew and Arabic scripts.
- An 800 n. W.:The Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet by converting some letters to vowels; The Roman and cryptic alphabets originate from the Greek alphabet

7. Babylonian King Hammurabi issues the Code of Hammurabi, one of the first legal codes:a 1754 e. C. (Irak)

8. With the spread of knowledge of ferrous metallurgy, the Bronze Age ends and the Iron Age begins:Around 1200-500 AD c.
- C. 3000-2700 n. C.:First references to the smelting of iron ore for the manufacture of wrought iron.(Iraq, Syria)
- One 1800-1200 u. W.:Notes on the smelting of iron ore to make wrought iron.In India
- One 1500-1200 u. W.:The Hittites processed iron in bellows furnaces (“bloomeria”).(Leaves)
- A 1200 n. W.:The Iron Age begins in the ancient Orient(Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine)and India
- An 800 n. W.:The Iron Age begins in Central and Western Europe
- A 500 n. W.:IsThe Iron Age begins in Northern Europe and China

9. The Rise of Ancient Greek Civilization:C. 800-336 a.(Greece)
- An 800 n. C.:TThe Greek Middle Ages ends and the Archaic period begins; the firstGreek city-states emerge
- 776 a. C:traditional date from first sporting competitions of the Olympic Games
- C. 595-575 a. C.:Solon initiates a comprehensive constitutional reform in Athens
- 490 a. C:The Greeks stop the first Persian invasion at the Battle of Marathon
— 480-479 a. C.:The Greek city-states (led by Athens and Sparta) repel the second Persian invasion at Salamis and Plataea; The classic period begins
— 461-429 a. C.:Pericles leads Athens into a golden age of art and culture
–—– 458 a. C:Die Oresteia, a trilogy of tragic plays by Aeschylus, is performed in Athens
—— 440 a. C:Herodotus writesthe stories, an account of the Greco-Persian Wars
—— 432 a. C:Completion of the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens
—— 429 a. C.:King Oedipus, a tragic play by Sophocles, is performed in Athens
- 404 a. C:Sparta defeats Athens and ends the Peloponnesian War
- 400 a. C:First articulation of the Hippocratic Oath to Physicians
- 386 a. C:Plato opens the Academy in Athens
- 336 a. C:Aristotle inaugurates the Lyceum in Athens

10. Rise And Fall Of Ancient Roman Civilization:Around 753 BC 476 AD C. (Italy)
- 753 a. C:Legendary date of the founding of Rome
- 509 a. C:Legendary founding date of the Roman Republic
- 202 a. C:Rome under Scipio Africanus defeats Carthage under Hannibal at the Battle of Zama to end the Second Punic War(Tunisia)
- 146 a. C:Roman armies destroy the city of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War(Tunisia)
- 49 a. C:Julius Caesar and his army cross the Rubicon and begin the Roman Civil War
- 44 a. C:Julius Caesar is assassinated in the Senate by Brutus, Cassius, and others.
- 31 a. C:Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium, ending the Roman civil wars.(Greece)
— 27 a. C.: La S.Enate makes Octavian (later called Augustus) emperor, effectively conferring power on him and inaugurating the Roman Empire.
— 27 a. c.-180d. C:Pax Romana, a period of relative peace in the Roman Empire
— 9 EG:In the Battle of the Teutoberg Forest, Germanic troops led by Arminius ambush and destroy three Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus.(Deutschland)
- 312 EG:Constantine defeats his rival Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge and becomes co-emperor
- 313 EG:Co-emperors Constantine and Licinius issue the Edict of Milan, legalizing Christianity in the Roman Empire.
- 390 DC:Theodosius the Great issues the Edict of Thessalonica and makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.
- 395 DC:death of Theodosius; From this point on, the Roman Empire is permanently divided into an eastern and a western part.
- 410 DC:The Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome
- 476 DC:FlavioOdoacer leads a revolt that overthrows Emperor Romulus Augustus and marks the end of the Western Roman Empire.

11. The Life of Buddha and the Birth of Buddhism:c. 563-400 AD C. (If)

12. The Life of Confucius and the Birth of Confucianism:551-479 a. C (China)

13. Alexander the Great creates a vast empire:336-323 a. C (Greece)
- 338 a. C:The Macedonians, led by King Philip II and his son Alexander, take Athens at the Battle of Chaironea and give Macedonia power over all Greek city-states.
- 336 a. C:After the death of Philip II, Alexander became king of Macedonia.(Greece)
- 333 a. C:Alexander wins the Battle of Issus over Darius III of Persia(Leaves)
- 332 a. C:Alexander conquers Syria and Egypt
- 331 a. C:Alexander becomes ruler of the Persian Empire after defeating the Persians at the Battle of Gaugamela.(Iraqi Kurdistan)
- 327 a. C:Alexander invades the Indian subcontinent(Pakistan)
- 323 a. C:Alexander dies in Babylon(Irak)

14. Unification of China under Emperor QinShi Huang, who begins construction of the Great Wall: 221-206a.

45. The birth of the modern calendar: 45 years. C (Italy)
- 45 a. C:Reforms of the Roman calendar under Julius Caesar created the Julian calendar with 365 days a year divided into 12 months and a leap year every four years.(Italy)
- 1582:Due to inaccuracies resulting from the Julian calendar, Pope Gregory XIII. introduced the Gregorian calendar, which reduces the number of leap years.(Italy)

16. The Life of Jesus and the Birth of Christianity:against 4a. c.-70d. C (Israel)
- C. 4a. C.:birth of Jesus
- C. 29 EG:Crucifixion of Jesus
- C. 50 n. Chr.:Paul's first letter to the Thessalonians is the oldest known Christian text.

17. The Life of Muhammad and the Birth of Islam:570-630 AD (Saudi Arabia)
- 570 dc:Mohammed is born in Mecca
- 622 EG:Mohammed leads the Hejira from Mecca to Medina
- 632 EG:The Koran is complete;Mohammed dies

18. The Franks, led by Charles Martel, defeat an Umayyad Caliphate army commanded by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi at the Battle of Tours-Poitiers, halting the Muslim advance into Western Europe:732 AD (France)

19. Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne, the Carolingian king of the Franks and Lombards, as the first Holy Roman Emperor:800 AD (France, Germany)

20. The invention of gunpowder and its use as weapons:ca. 800-1300 (Chinese)
- One 800:ChineseAChemists in search of an elixir of life create gunpowder.
- C. 904:First reference to the use of fire arrows (gunpowder fueled projectiles) in warfare
- One 1000:At this time, fire arrows, fire spears, and rocket arrows are widely used by Chinese armies.
- a 1110:First reference to fireworks with rockets fueled by gunpowder
- a 1130:Gunpowder-powered bombs and cannons began to appear in China at this time.
- A 1240:Knowledge of gunpowder spread to the Middle East
- a 1258:First evidence of the use of gunpowder in India
- A 1300:By this time, the use of gunpowder had spread across Europe.

21. Norse explorers discover and colonize new lands in the North Atlantic:f. AD 870-1000 (Iceland, Greenland, USA)
- An 870:Norse explorers discover and settle Iceland
- C. 986:Erik the Red and settlers from Iceland and Norway establish a colony on the west coast of Greenland
- One 1000:Leif Erikson establishes a short-lived settlement in Vinland, North America(You have)
- A 1510:Norse settlements in Greenland were abandoned at this time.

22. Norman conquest of England:1066 AD (Britain)
— 28.9.1066:William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, crosses the English Channel and lands in Pevensey
— 14.10.1066:William defeats Anglo-Saxon King Harold II, who is killed at the Battle of Hastings.
— 25.12.1066:After taking London, William is crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey.

23. The first university is founded in Bologna:1088 AD (Italy)

24. The First Crusade: 1095-1099 (France, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Israel)
- 1095 EG:Pope Urban II urges Christians to force Muslims out of the Holy Land(France)
- 1096 EG:The untrained mobs of the People's Crusade march on Jerusalem, slaughtering Jews across Europe, but are massacred by the Turks before they reach their destination.
- 1097 EG:The armies of the Prince's Crusade gather outside of Constantinople and march toward the Levant.(Leaves)
- 1098 n. Chr.:Crusader states established at Edessa and Antioch.(Syria, Turkey)
- 1099 n. Chr.:After a siege, the Crusaders invaded Jerusalem, killing many of its Muslim and Jewish residents and establishing the Kingdom of Jerusalem.(Israel/Palestine)

25. King Suryavarman II of Khmer Empire builds Angkor Wat; Originally dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, it was converted into a Buddhist temple in the late 12th century:C.1150 CE (Cambodia)

26. Shogun Minamato no Yorimoto overthrows Emperor Taira and establishes the Kamakura shogunate; Beginning of 675 years of shogunate rule in Japan: 1192 n. Chr

27. Genghis Khan establishes a vast Mongol empire that expands after his death:1206-1260 (Central Asia, China)
- 1206:Mongol leader Temujin defeats his rivals and earns the title of Genghis Khan, universal ruler of the Mongols(Mongolia)
- 1215:Genghis Khan conquers the capital of the Jin Dynasty(Porcelain)
- 1221:The Mongols defeat the Khwarezmid Empire and take over Persia.(Iran, Afghanistan)
- 1227:Death of Genghis Khan fighting the Western Xia Dynasty(Porcelain)
- 1241:The Mongols defeat an army from Poland and Moravia at the Battle of Legnica.(Poland)
- 1258:The Mongols capture and destroy Baghdad, the capital of the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate.(Irak)
- 1260:The victory of the Islamic Mamluks over the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut signals the decline of the Mongol Empire.(Israel/Palestine)

28. English nobles force King John to sign thisbig mapRestriction of your powers:1215 (Britain)

29. Europe hears stories from the Far East by Marco Polo:1271-1300 (Italy; Asia)
— 1271-1295:The Venetian merchant Marco Polo travels through Asia with his father and uncle, presumably to China
- a 1299:In prison, Marco Polo tells stories of his travels to his cellmate Rustichello da Pisa.(Italy)
- A 1300:Rustichello da Pisa publishes his version of the Marco Polo stories asBook of Wonders of the World

30. Rise and Fall of Aztec Civilization:1325-1521 (Mexico)
- 1325:Mexican nomads founded the city of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texacoco(traditional date)
- 1428: ABetween Tenochtitlán, Texcoco and Tlacopan, a lion appeared
- 1487:At the inauguration of the Templo Mayor, Aztec Emperor Ahuitzotl sacrifices 20,000 prisoners of war to the Aztec god of war Huitzilopochtli
- 1519:Tenochtitlan has an estimated population of 200,000 to 300,000, making it one of the largest cities in the world when Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés arrives in November and meets Aztec ruler Moctezuma.
- 1521:With the help of local Aztec enemies (including Texcoco), the Spanish conquer Tenochtitlán and the Aztec Empire.

31. The Black Death (bubonic plague) devastates Europe, killing a third of the population:1347-1348(Europa)

32. The Renaissance: A rediscovery of classical knowledge brings about innovations and achievements in art and culture:c. 1350-1600 (Italien, Europe)
- A 1350:The Renaissance begins in Florence(Italy)
- A 1410-1420:FlorentinoArtist and architect Filippo Brunelleschi establishes the rules of linear perspective
- 1435:Leon Battista Alberti publishedthe painting, a treatise on painting
- a 1436:Brunelleschi completes the dome of Florence Cathedral
- 1452:Sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti completes the east doors of the Baptistery in Florence, known as the Gates of Paradise
- a 1486:Sandro Botticelli maltThe Born of Venus
- 1501:Michelangelo completes his sculpture ofDavid
- a 1504:Leonardo da Vinci beer orMona Lisa
— 1508-1512:Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
- 1513:Niccolò Machiavelli writesThe prince, a political treatise

33. The Inca people create an empire:1438-1533 (Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Colombia)
- 1438:Emergence of the Inca Empire
- 1476:The Incas defeat the Chimú civilization(Peru)
- 1532:The Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro and 150 men arranged a meeting with the Inca ruler Atahualpa in Cajamarca, but instead captured him and slaughtered his 4,000 unarmed companions.

34. Johannes Gutenberg invents a printing press using movable metal type and oil-based ink, bringing cheap printing of books and articles to the West:1440-1455 (Deutschland)
- 1040:Bi Sheng invents movable type printing, but the technology does not reach the West(Porcelain)
- 1377:Jikji, he isThe first known printed book with movable metal type is printed in Korea
- A 1455:IsGutenberg BibleIt is Gutenberg's first mass-produced book.

35. Ottoman Turks take Constantinople, marking the fall of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire:1453 (Turkey)

36. Christopher Columbus reaches the West Indies and claims the land for Spain; The European conquest of America begins:1492 (Bahamas)

37. Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama finds a sea route from Europe to India, allowing Portugal to build a trading empire:1498

38. Returning Spanish and English explorers bring to Europe foods from the New World, including tomatoes, potatoes, corn, squash, and cocoa:1500-1600

39. The slave trade: enslaved Africans are brought to America:1502-1619 (US, Haiti, Dominican Republic)
- 1502:The Spaniard Juan de Córdoba sends one of his African slaves from Spain to Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic)
- 1510:King Ferdinand of Spain authorizes the shipment of 50 African slaves to Santo Domingo(Dominican Republic)
- 1619:A Dutch ship brings 20 African slaves to the British colony of Jamestown, Virginia.(FOR US)

40. Martin Luther sends his95 thesesto the Archbishop of Mainz on the occasion of the beginning of the Protestant Reformation:1517 (Deutschland)

41. Suleiman the Magnificent rules the Ottoman Empire during the period of great expansion:1520-1566 (Turkey)

42. Ferdinand Magellan's expedition is the first to circumnavigate the world, although Magellan dies in the Philippines and does not complete the voyage:1522

43. Polish scientist Nicholas CopernicusAbout the revolutions of the celestial spheresShows that the motion of celestial bodies can best be explained by a heliocentric model (i.e. the earth revolves around the sun and not vice versa):1543

44. England under Queen Elizabeth I repels a Spanish invasion by defeating the Spanish Armada:1588 (Britain)

45. William Shakespeare entstammt Hamlet:1599-1601 (Britain)

46. ​​English settlers establish their first permanent settlement in the New World at Jamestown, Virginia:1607 (USA)

47. Galileo Galilei PublicaThe Star Messenger, which announcesa series of astronomical discoveries made with a homemade telescope:1609-1610 (Italy)

48. England suffers from a civil war:1642-1660
- 1642:After years of conflict, relations between King Carlos I and Parliament collapsed and civil war began.
- 1645:The Parliamentary Army wins a decisive victory over Charles at the Battle of Naseby
- 1646:Charles surrenders to the Scots, who hand him over to the English.
- 1649:Charles is tried and convicted of treason and then beheaded
- 1653:Oliver Cromwell proclaims himself Lord Protector of England
- 1658:Oliver Cromwell dies; his son Richard becomes Lord Protector
- 1660:Charles II, son of Charles I, returns to England from France and restores the monarchy

49. Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan builds the Taj Mahal, a mausoleum for his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal: 1632-1653 (If)

50. The power of steam is used in the steam engine: 1663-1801 (Britain)
- 1663:Edward Somerset invents the first steam pump
- 1698:Thomas Savery develops an improved steam pump to pump water out of mines
— 1705-1733:Thomas Newcomen invents the atmospheric engine, a more powerful vapor pump, and works with Savery to build and sell the engines.
- 1765:James Watt invents a separate condenser steam engine that is five times more efficient than previous versions
- 1776:Watt teams up with Matthew Boulton to build his first commercial steam engine
- 1799:Richard Trevithick builds a high-pressure steam engine
- 1801:Oliver Evans builds the first high-pressure steam engine in the United States.

51. The Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth join forces to defeat the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Vienna and halt Ottoman expansion into Western Europe: 1683 (Austria)

52. Isaac Newtonmathematical principlesExplains the universal laws of motion and gravitation that laid the foundations of physics until Einstein:1687 (Britain)

53. Innovations in the UK textile industry spark the Industrial Revolution:1733-1785
- 1733:John Kay patents the aircraft
- 1764:James Hargreaves erfindet die Spinning Jenny
- 1767:Richard Awkwright invented the structure of water
— 1775-1779:Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule
- 1785:Edward Cartwright invents the electric loom
- 1793:Eli Whitney invents the cotton loom (USA)

54. The Boston Tea Party: American colonists protest new British taxes by offloading tea in Boston Harbor:16.12.1773 (EE. UU.)

55. The American Revolution:1775-1783 (EE. UU.)
— 19.4.1775:The Battles of Lexington and Concord
- 04.07.1776:The United States issues theirsDeclaration of Independencefrom Great Britain
- 1777:British General John Burgoyne, surrounded and without reinforcements, surrenders his entire army to the Americans at the Battle of Saratoga.
- 1778:France signs an alliance treaty with the United States.
- 1781:British General Cornwallis surrenders to George Washington, effectively ending the American Revolutionary War.
- 1783:The Treaty of Paris officially ended the war between the United States and Britain.

56. The French Revolution:1789-1799 (France)
— 20.6.1789:The oath on the tennis court: members of the Third Estate (the National Assembly) pledge to stay together until they propose a new constitution for France
— 14.07.1789:Paris revolutionaries Attack on the Bastille Prison, a symbol of the monarchy's abuse of power
— 26.8.1789:Declaration of Human Rights
- 1792:The wars between revolutionary France and the European powers begin
— 21.01.1793:King Louis XVI is decapitated
— 04.06.1793:The Citizen Security Committee takes control and exercises dictatorial powers
- 1795:The directory will open

57. The Medical Revolution:1796-1885 (UK, United States, France)
- 1796:Edward Jenner uses live cowpox virus to create the first smallpox vaccine(GREAT BRITAIN)
- 1842:Crawford Long is the first to use ether as an anesthetic in surgerymiin Georgia. but he did not publish his findings until 1849(FOR US)
- 1846:William Morton uses ether as an anesthetic in surgery in Massachusetts and is credited with the discovery(FOR US)
— 1860-1864:Louis Pasteur's experiments prove the germ theory of disease(France)
- 1882:Robert Koch shows that a specific bacillus causes a specific disease(Deutschland)
- 1885:Pasteur is the first to use a weakened virus to create a rabies vaccine.(France)

58. The Birth of Rail Transport:1802-1830 (Britain)
- 1804:Richard Trevithick's first steam locomotive hauling a train of 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers 14 km from Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon, Wales
- 1812:Matthew Murray builds the Salamanca, the first commercially successful steam locomotive, and runs it on the Middleton Railway in Leeds.
- 1813:Christopher Blackett and William Hedley build and operate the Puffing Billy steam locomotive on the Wylam Colliery Railway
- 1814:George Stephenson improves on earlier designs with theBlucher
- 1825: TOpening of the Stockton & Darlington Railway, the first public steam railway;Stephenson drives his Locomotion locomotive nine miles in two hours, hauling an 80-ton load
- 1829:Stephenson's new locomotive, the Rocket, wins the Rainhill Trials, a steam train competition in Lancashire
- 1830:Inauguration of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the first railway to use steam only

59. Enslaved peoples in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, after fighting a victorious revolution, found the new nation of Haiti:1804

60. The Napoleonic Wars: 1799-1815 (France, Europe)
- 1799:After successfully winning many battles, General Napoleon Bonaparte is appointed first consul of France and assumes far-reaching powers.
- 1804:Napoleon becomes Emperor of the new French Empire
- 1805:The French fleet loses at the Battle of Trafalgar to the British and Spanish led by Admiral Horatio Nelson(Spain)
- 1812:During the French invasion of Russia, Napoleon wins the Battle of Borodino and captures Moscow, but is eventually forced to retreat after heavy losses at the hands of Russian troops and the Russian winter.(Russia)
- 1813:Napoleon's forces suffer a heavy defeat against a coalition of Russian, Prussian, Austrian and Swedish armies in the Battle of Leipzig.(Deutschland)
- 1814:Napoleon abdicates and goes into exile on the Mediterranean island of Elba.(Italy)
- 1815:Napoleon escapes from Elba and raises an army, but is defeated by British and Prussian armies led by the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battle of Waterloo.(Belgium)
- 1815:Napoleon is banished to the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic off the coast of Africa.

61. The end of the African slave trade and the abolition of slavery:1807-1888 (UK, United States, Mexico, Brazil)
- 1807:Britain abolishes the slave trade
- 1808:The United States bans the importation of slaves.
- 1824:Mexico abolished slavery
- 1833:Slavery is abolished in the British Empire.
- 1836:The Republic of Texas declares independence from Mexico and reinstates slavery
- 1865:The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery(FOR US)
- 1888:Brazil abolished slavery

62. Spain's colonies in Central and South America are fighting for independence: 1817-1825
- 1817:José de San Martín visits Chilean royalists in the valley of Chacabuco and in Santiago, Chile one
- 1819:Simón Bolívar's forces defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Boyacá, which leads to the independence of New Granada(Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela)
- 1819:The Angostura Congress founds Gran Colombia and elects Simón Bolívar as its President(Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Guyana, Brazil)
- 1821:Bolívar's victory at the Battle of Carabobo guarantees Venezuela's independence
- 1824:The Battle of Ayacucho ends the Spanish presence in Peru

63. The invention of the telegraph revolutionized communication: 1832-1840
- 1832:Pavel Schilling builds an electromagnetic telegraph(Estonia)
- 1833:Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber build the first electromagnetic telegraph for regular communication(Deutschland)
- 1836:David Alter invents the first American electric telegraph
- 1837:William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone (UK), Edward Davy (USA) and Samuel Morse (USA) independently developed commercial electrical telegraphs, but Morse's system, with its Morse code, quickly spread across the USA.
- 1840:American Alfred Vail improves Morse code

64th publication of Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsThe Communist ManifestoWhat history explains in terms of class struggle and proposes workers' unity and the overthrow of capitalism: 1848 (Great Britain)

65th publication of Charles DarwinAbout the origin of species, proving that natural selection is the mechanism of biological evolution:1859 (Britain)

66. The American Civil War: 1860-1865
- 1860:The election of Republican Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States leads to the secession of the southern states
- February 1861:Seven southern states make up the Confederate States of America
— 12.4.1861:Confederate soldiers fire on Union garrison at Ft. Summer in Charleston Bay(Carolina do Sul)
- 1861:After the outbreak of hostilities, four more states join the Confederacy.
— 1.1.1863:IsThe Emancipation Proclamation frees slaves in rebellious areas
— 1/7-3/1863:The Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg marks the turning point of the war in favor of the Union(Pennsylvania)
— 09.04.1865:Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders the Virginia Army to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse(Virginia)
— 15.4.1865:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth(Washington, D.C.)
— 26.4.1865:Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston hands over Tennessee Army to Union General William T. Sherman(North Carolina)

67. The Meiji Restoration: Tokugawa Yoshinobu abdicates Emperor Meiji and ends shogun rule in Japan:1867 n. Chr

68: Opening of the Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea:1869 (Egypt)

69. Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone: 1876 (USA)

70. European powers colonize Africa:1880 (Europe, Africa)
- 1830:France invades and colonizes Algeria
— 1884-1885:At the Berlin conference, European heads of state and government are dividing Africa
—1885:King Leopold of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State as a private corporate colony(Democratic Republic of Congo)
—1895:France establishes French West Africa, a merger of eight French colonies(Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger)
—1908:Belgium annexes the Congo Free State
—1910:France founds French Equatorial Africa out of its Central African colonies(Chad, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Gabon)
—1912:Italy forms the colony of Italian Libya from colonies taken from the Ottoman Empire.

71. The suffrage movement: women fight for the right to vote: 1893-1928
1848:The Declaration of Moods, written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and signed at the Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, NY, calls for women to be given the right to vote.(FOR US)
1872:Susan B. Anthony is arrested while voting in the presidential election (FOR US)
1893:The self-governing colony of New Zealand grants women the right to vote;Colorado becomes the first US state to grant women full voting rights
1903:Australia is the first sovereign nation to give women the right to vote
1906:The Grand Duchy of Finland, part of the Russian Empire, is the first country to grant women the right to vote and be elected to public office.
1920:The 19th Amendment to the US Constitution gives women the right to vote
1922:Women have full voting rights in Ireland
1928:Women in Britain are given full suffrage
1946:Cameroon, Kenya, Romania and Venezuela grant women the right to vote
2005:The Parliament of Kuwait grants women the right to vote and vote
2015:Saudi Arabia grants women the right to vote and be elected to public office

72. The invention of the radio:1879-1901
- 1872:James Clerk Maxwell lays the mathematical foundations for the propagation of electromagnetic waves through space(Scotland)
- 1879:David E. Hughes may be the first to intentionally send a radio signal through space with his spark transmitter (Wales/USA)
- 1880:Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner (USA) invent the photophone, a cordless telephone that transmits sound in a beam of light
- 1885:Thomas Edison (USA) invents a method for wireless electrical communication between ships at sea
- 1886:Heinrich Hertz (Germany) conclusively demonstrates the transmission of electromagnetic waves through space to a receiver
- 1890:Édouard Branly (France) improves the receiver
- 1893:Nikola Tesla (Serbia/USA) develops wireless lighting device
- 1894:Sir Oliver Lodge (UK) improves the Branly receiver and demonstrates a radio transmission; Jagadish Chandra Bose (India) demonstrates the transmission of radio waves over a distance
- 1895:After reading articles by Lodge and Tesla, Guglielmo Marconi (Italy) builds a series of radios, including one that can transmit radio waves up to 1.5 miles; Alexander Popov (Russia) demonstrates a radio broadcast
- 1896:Marconi moves to England and shows his set to Sir William Preece of the British Telegraph Service
- 1897:Marconi patents his device and starts his own wireless business by setting up radio stations in various locations.
- 1898:Tesla demonstrates a remote-controlled boat
- 1899:Marconi sends radio waves across the English Channel; Bose develops an improved transmitter and receiver; Ferdinand Braun invents the closed loop system and increases the range of the signals
- 1900:Roberto Landell de Moura (Brazil) invents a radio that can transmit a human voice over a distance of eight kilometers
- 1901:Marconi claims to have sent the first transatlantic radio message
- 1906:Reginald Fessenden makes Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts' premier AM radio show(FOR US)

73. The discovery of X-rays:1895
1875:Researchers first noticed a new type of lightning emanating from experimental discharge tubes called Crookes tubes.
1886:Ivan Pulyui (Ukraine/Germany) found that sealed photographic plates darkened when exposed to Crookes tubes.
1887:Nikola Tesla (Serbia/USA) starts experimenting with new beams
1891:Fernando Sanford (USA) generates and detects the new rays
1895:Wilhelm Roentgen (Germany) begins to study X-rays and proclaims their existence (calling them "X-rays") in a scientific paper; X-ray refers to the medical use of X-rays
1896:Thomas Edison (USA) invents the fluoroscope for X-ray examinations; John Hall-Edwards (UK) is the first doctor to use X-rays in a clinical setting
1913:William D. Coolidge (USA) invents the Coolidge tube for generating X-rays, replacing the cold cathode tubes previously used

74. Orville and Wilbur Wright pilot the first heavier-than-air airplane:17.12.1903 (EE. UU.)

75. After defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, Japan is recognized as a world power: 1904-1905

76. The Incredible Year of Albert Einstein: 1905 (Switzerland)
— 09.06.1905:Explaining article on the photoelectric effect by quanta
— 18.07.1905:Paper explaining Brownian motion provides evidence for atoms
— 26.9.1905:Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity
— 21.11.1905:Einstein shows the equivalence between energy and matter (mi=Mc²)

77. World War I:1914-1918 (Europe, Asia, Africa)
— 28.06.1914:The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo sparks a war
— 07.05.1915:A German submarine sinks the Lusitania
- 1916:Battle of Verdun; Battle of the Somme
- June 1917:The United States goes to war
- December 1917:Russia gives up the war; makes important concessions in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
— 09.11.1918:The German Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates
— 11.11.1918:A truce ends the fight
- 1919:The Treaty of Versailles redraws the map of Europe and imposes harsh conditions on Germany

78. The Russian Revolution: 1917-1922
— February and March 1917:The February Revolution: Mass uprisings lead to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II; provisional government installed under Prince Georgy Lvov
- September 1917:The Directorate governs Russia under Alexander Kerensky
- October 1917:The October Revolution: Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky's government and found the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the first socialist state
— 1918-1922:Russian Civil War between communists (red) and their opponents (white)
- 1922:15 republics are united in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)

79. A global flu epidemic kills 20 million people:1918

80. The invention of television: 1925-1929
- 1925:First TV broadcasts by John Logie Baird (Scotland), Charles Francis Jenkins (USA), Bell Labs (USA), Kenjiro Takayanagi (Japan) and Leon Theremin (USSR)
- 1926:Advances in television broadcasting demonstrated by Baird and Kálmán Tihanyi(Hungary)
- 1927:Philo T. Farnsworth (USA) patents the first complete electronic television system; Herbert Ives and Frank Gray from Bell Labs, USA show better image quality than previous systems
- 1928:Jenkins receives first TV station license
- 1929:Zworykin demonstrates the transmission and reception of images in an electronic system; Farnsworth broadcasts live footage of people

81. The global depression follows the US stock market crash:1929-1940 (EU, Europe, Asia)
- October 1929:US stock market crash
— 1930-1931:Widespread bank failures in the US and Europe
- November 1932:The US elects Franklin Delano Roosevelt as President
— 1933-1934:Roosevelt proposes New Deal legislation and Congress passes it

82. The rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis: 1920-1939 (Deutschland)
- 1920:Hitler founds the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis)
— 08.11.1923:Hitler and the Nazis attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government in the failed Beer Hall Putsch
- 1925:After his release from prison Hitler publishedmy fight
— 1928-1932:NSDAP candidates win a growing share of the popular vote, but never a majority
— 30.01.1933:Hitler is appointed Chancellor
— 1933-1934:Hitler consolidates power; becomes dictator
- 1935:The Nuremberg Laws strip Jews of German citizenship
- 1936:German troops reoccupy the Rhineland; Germany forms axis alliances with Italy and Japan
— 14.03.1938:The connection: Germany invades Austria and occupies it
— 30.9.1938:In the Munich Agreement, the Western European democracies allow Hitler to occupy the Sudetenland
- 09.11.1938:Kristallnacht: Jewish shops and synagogues are destroyed
— 15.03.1939:Hitler invades and occupies Czechoslovakia

83. Revolution in China: 1911-1949
- 1911:The Xinhai Revolution overthrows the Qing Dynasty
- 1912:ROC founded
- 1927:A civil war breaks out between communists and nationalists
— 1934-1935:the long march
— 1937-1945:During the Sino-Japanese War, communists and nationalists band together to fight their common enemy, Japan.
- 1945: Ccivil war continues
- 1949:After defeating the KuomintangChinese communists under Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China; Chiang Kai-shek retreats in Taiwan

84. World War II: 1939-1945 (USA, Europe, Asia, Africa)
— 01.09.1939:Germany invades Poland, triggering World War II
— 12.07.1941:Japanese surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor; The United States goes to war
— 20.01.1942:The Final Solution: At the Wannsee Conference, the Nazis plan to exterminate the Jews.(Deutschland)
— 1942-1943:The defeat of the German armies by the USSR in the Battle of Stalingrad marks a turning point in the war.(Russia)
— 6.6.1944:Allied armies invade Nazi-occupied France in Normandy on D-Day(France)
— 8.5.1945:Nazi Germany surrenders unconditionally to the Allies
— 6.8., 9.1945:The United States drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, resulting in the Japanese surrender

85. The United Nations is founded:1945-1946 (Europe, North and South America, Asia, Africa, Australia)
— 24.10.1945:UN Charter comes into force with 51 member states
— 01.10.1946:First session of the General Assembly(GREAT BRITAIN)

86. The digital revolution: the invention of the digital electrical computer
- 1833:Charles Babbage designs the difference machinebut it doesn't build it(GREAT BRITAIN)
- 1939:John V. Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry develop the Atanasoff-Berry computer(FOR US)
- 1940:George Stibitz and his team demonstrate the complex number calculator
- 1941:Konrad Zuse cria o Z3Computer(Deutschland)
- 1943:Max Newman, Tommy Flowers and others build the Mk I Colossus(GREAT BRITAIN)
- 1944:The Colossus Mk II; the Harvard Mark I begins operations(FOR US)
- 1945:Konrad Zuse develops the Z4; John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert found ENIAC(FOR US)
- 1958:Invention of the integrated circuit (microchip)(FOR US)
- 1965:Olivetti introduces Programma 101, the first commercially produced personal desktop computer(Italy)

87. After a long struggle, India gains independence from the United Kingdom: 1947

88. On the Cold War:1945-1989 (USA, Russia, Europe)
— 03.05.1946:Winston Churchill delivers a speech on the "Iron Curtain"(FOR US)
— 1948-1949:The United States and the United Kingdom overcome the USSR blockade of Berlin with the Berlin Airlift
- 1961:Construction of the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin(Deutschland)

89. The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.: 1953 (Great Britain)

90. US Civil Rights Movement:1954-1968 (UE)
— 17.05.1954:The Supreme Court of the United States decides thisbrown v Education Councilthat separate parenting is unconstitutional
— 01.12.1955:Rosa Parks refuses to sit in the back of the bus, sparking the Montgomery bus boycott
- 1957:President Eisenhower sends US troops to protect black students at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas
- 1960:Erster Anti-Lunch-Protest in Greensboro, North Carolina
— 28.8.1963:Martin Luther King Jr. leads a march on Washington and delivers the "I have a dream" speech
— 15.9.1963:Four black girls were killed in a church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama
— 02.07.1964:President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act
— 21.02.1965:Assassination of Malcolm X
— 03.07.1965:Protest march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama
— 06.08.1965:President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act
— 4.4.1968:Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

91. The Vietnam War:1955-1975 (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos)
- 1954:After the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu ended French rule in Indochina, Vietnam split into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
- 1955:North Vietnam launches guerrilla attacks in South Vietnam
- 1960:North Vietnam supports the formation of the Vietcong, which starts the civil war in South Vietnam
- 1961:US President Kennedy sends military personnel and equipment to support South Vietnam in its fight against the Viet Cong
- 1963:The United States backed a violent coup in South Vietnam that resulted in the death of President Ngo Dinh Diem
- 1964:Congress authorizes the US to intervene in the war through the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
- 1965:First US combat troops land in Da Nang
- 1967:There are currently 500,000 US troops stationed in Vietnam; Anti-war protests break out in the United States
- 1968:The Tet Offensive, a combined attack by Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops, is a turning point in the war; At the end of the year, American soldiers carry out the Mai Lai massacre
- 1969:Death of North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh
- 1970:The US bombing of Cambodia was exposed, sparking a wave of protests and shootings in the state of Kent
- 1971:The New York Times publishes the leaked Pentagon documents
- 1973:The Paris Peace Accords end US involvement in the war
- 1975:Saigon falls, South Vietnam surrenders, and Vietnam is united into one nation.

92. The Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first artificial satellite:10.04.1957 (Russia)

93. The US Food and Drug Administration approves the first birth control pill:09.05.1960 (EU)

94. Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space:1961 (Russia)

95. The President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, is assassinated in Dallas, Texas:22.11.1963 (EU)

96. Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land on the moon and walk on its surface:20.-21.7.1969 (EU, Mond)

97. The Birth of the Internet: 1965-1995 (UE)
- 1965:Lawrence G. Roberts and Thomas Merrill build the first wide area computer network
- 1967:Roberts publishes a project for the ARPANET
- 1968:Frank Heart's team at Bolt Beranek and Newman builds packet switches called Interface Message Processors (IMPs).
- September 1969:BBN installs the first IMP at UCLA and creates the first node; Doug Engelbart's Stanford Research Institute (SRI) provided the second node
— October 1969:The first message is sent between UCLA and SRI
- December 1969:Four computers are connected to the ARPANET
- 1970:S. Crocker and his Network Working Group finalize ARPANET's first host-to-host protocol, the Network Control Protocol (NCP)
- 1971:Merit Network and Tymnet go live
- 1973:The first transatlantic transmission takes place at the University College of London
- 1974:International Telecommunications Union develops X.25 standards for packet-switched networks
- 1977:Dennis Hayes and Dale Heatherington invent the PC modem
- 1978:The first online bulletin board.
- 1979:Usenet and CompuServe are launched
- 1981:The National Science Foundation (NSF) creates CSNET and connects it to ARPANET
- 1983:ARPANET computers switch from the NCP protocol to the TCP/IP protocol
- 1985:The first dot.com domain name is registered
- 1986:NSF creates NSFNET which connects to ARPANET
- 1988:Introducing Internet Relay Chat
- 1989:Launch of America Online (AOL).
- 1990:ARPANET is being dropped in favor of NSFNET
- 1995:NSFNET will be phased out and replaced by networks operated by various commercial internet service providers

98. The Cold War ends:1989-1991 (Europe, Russia)
— 09.11.1989:Opening of the gates between East and West Berlin; The demolition of the Berlin Wall begins(Deutschland)
— 1989-1990:Fall of the communist governments in Eastern Europe
- 1990:German Reunification
— 26.12.1991:dissolved the soviet union

99. The end of apartheid in South Africae: 1990-1994
- 1990:South African President F.W. de Klerk lifts ban on African National Congress; Nelson Mandela, leader of the ANC, released after 27 years in prison
- 1991:De Klerk repeals apartheid laws
- 1994:Nelson Mandela is elected president in South Africa's first multiracial elections

100. Al Qaeda terrorists attack New York City and Washington, D.C. with hijacked planes and the destruction of World Trade Towers; The United States declares the “war on terrorism”:09.11.2001 (EU)

Looking for a deeper dive into world history?
check theTimeline of human history:
Part 1: Prehistory up to 1499
Part 2: 1500-1799
Part 3: 1800-1899
Part 4: 1900-1999
Part 5: 2000-present